Tree anatomy

Tree circulation is a two-way system driven by two tissues.

Upward (xylem): roots absorb water and minerals; xylem lifts them to the canopy to build and cool leaves.

Downward (phloem): leaves make sugars via photosynthesis; phloem sends sugars to trunk and roots for energy and growth.

The cambium (growth layer) adds new xylem and phloem each year, expanding the transport network.